LCT has created comprehensive life cycle assessments (LCA) models to quantify C emissions from beef and dairy production. The models were developed using ISO 14040 and 14044 (2006 and 2017), IPCC (2019), and IDF (2022) standards and are part of our patented approach to evaluating GHG emissions from livestock (US Patent 11209419B2; Beal, 2021). The model for beef cattle production is based on conventional beef production practices in the U.S. (Figure 1), where calves are born on a farm or ranch, are weaned approximately 6 months later, next raised in a backgrounding or stocker operation and grown to 700 to 800 lb. body weights, and then transported to a feedlot for finishing at slaughter weights of 1400 to 1600 lbs. Alternative pathways for direct entry to feedlot after weaning, grass fed herds, and beef-on-dairy are also modelled. All major upstream and within system greenhouse gas emissions are captured in the C footprint and include all CH4 and NO2 emissions and CO2 from fossil fuel use and non-renewable electric generation. Biogenic CO2 from photosynthesis and animal respiration is not included. The reduced emissions associated with mitigation strategies are compared to the baseline of conventional beef production to quantify the impact of the C reductions. The model is comprehensive, covering all emissions occurring in the animal’s lifetime from conception to slaughter, i.e. it’s cradle to grave. Emissions associated with upstream inputs like feed, fertilizer, fuel, electricity, and purchased animals are included. Outputs include meat from harvested animals, animals sold to other farms and ranches, and exported manure.